Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 17109201 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2012. 1. 5 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness â€â€A Probe into the Character of Emily A Rose for Emily is a short story composed by American writer William Faulkner previously distributed in the April 30, 1930 issue of Forum.It portrays the deplorability of a run of the mill southern woman, Miss Emily, who is profoundly exploited in her character and psyche by the ordinary arrangement of the South and male centric society; in this manner despite the fact that she needs to battle, she despite everything neglects to stand up to and manage the progressions brought about by the stun of northern industrialization without anyone else lastly prompts obliteration and implosion in transit of seeking after happiness.This article focuses on investigating the character of Emily with the endeavors she has made for her life and particularly the explanations behind her disappointment in â€Å"fighting† from t he three perspectives as Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, (the notable expression applied from the United States Declaration of Independence). 1. The Backup of Early Life As a descendent of the southern ordinary respectable family, Emily was conceived in nature loaded with the idea of feudalism and pecking order which causes her to obtain not just the mentality of egotism and aloofness to average folks, be that as it may, in particular, the propensity for dutifulness to her father.Before her dad passes on, he is the just one Emily could depend on in her family. Along these lines, there ought to be no fault to her that she relied upon her dad when she was as yet youthful, similarly as the majority of us would rely upon our folks during our adolescence and youth. Be that as it may, the reality the she gets the opportunity to be thirty is as yet single uncovers the variation from the norm of the reliance. All things considered, it is not, at this point unadulterated relianc e on her dad. Rather, the reliance has formed into over acquiescence which at that point is exploited by her dad to control her totally under the requirement of the old southern tradition.The control is simply depicted by William Faulkner as the scene, â€Å"Miss Emily a slim figure in white out of sight, her dad a spraddled outline in the closer view, his back to her and grasping a horsewhip, both of them surrounded by the back-flung front door†. The dad, a regular image of male controlled society, gripping a horsewhip, goes about as a despot. It’s him who holds the Griersons consistently excessively high for what they truly are and utilizes his horsewhip, which precisely represents man controlled society, to repulse the entirety of the youngsters who come to make proposition to his girl, Miss Emily, accepting that nobody is very sufficient for her.In truth, as he would see it, none of the youngsters are very adequate not for his little girl, yet for the old southern custom and its pride. He never views Emily as an autonomous person. Unexpectedly, he sees her as the instrument to keep up their respect in the regular framework. Be that as it may, Emily has been seeing her dad as the entire reinforcement of her life since she was conceived. What’s more, she has been in this state for over thirty years. She has for some time been utilized to this reliance and even permits this sort of reliance to overcome her powerful urge with the expectation of complimentary life and love. To her, this reliance is only her entire life.Therefore, when her dad kicks the bucket, she can't acknowledge the reality since her dad is her entire reliance and the reliance is only as long as she can remember. Her father’s passing has additionally denied all the desire for her life. Her dad and the old custom her dad speaks to are the base of Emily’s disaster; accordingly, her father’s demise ought to be viewed as the opportunity for Emily to libe rate herself from the requirement of the regular framework. It’s the start of Emily’s battling for her own life, freedom and joy. 2. Freedom Getting free of her father’s control is much the same as discharging from a prison.After quite a while of being wiped out, she is seen again with hair style short and resembles a young lady, which pronounces the start of her freedom. In any case, Faulkner depicts her as taking after to those heavenly attendants in hued church windowsâ€sort of deplorable and tranquil. The expression of â€Å"tragic† appears to have demonstrated the miserable completion of Emily’s life despite the fact that she gets the opportunity to pick up freedom. What's more, the explanation lies on Emily’s wrong translation of freedom. From the portrayal by Faulkner, after her father’s passing, the character of Emily showing up before the perusers is still such a pompous and impassive individual commonly representing the o ld tradition.It is obviously known by the perusers that entirely never liberates herself from the chain of the customary framework despite the fact that she has disposed of her father’s control. Notwithstanding, Emily observes her freedom from an alternate point. To her, freedom intends to live in a way she has for quite some time been utilized to at her own will. Since her dad kicked the bucket, no one and nothing can ever take her leveled out any more. Thusly, she disregards all the others’ reproving the smell of her home, vanquishes the new generation’s requesting her charges and rejects the more up to date generation’s connecting a mailbox.She despite everything conveys her head high enoughâ€even when others all accept that she is fallen, in light of the fact that the method of living she has been utilized to is simply to keep up pride as much as possible in the earth of the old southern custom. She will not liberate herself from the traditional fr amework on the grounds that it’s the very spot she feels generally free. Conversely, the new world with each one of those progressions brought about by the stun of northern industrialization is the place she will feel hazardous, uncomfortable and uncomfortable.Similarly in the film The Shawshank recovery, the two individuals, the old log, Brooks, and one of the heroes, Red, have a lot of trouble in altering themselves to the life outside after they get their parole from many years of detainment. Creeks even ends it all and Red can never pea except if requesting consent. What's more, Emily has additionally been detained for over thirty years which has made her some time in the past acclimatized by the old convention. Emily has put forth attempts for her life and freedom after her father’s passing. Tragically, she deciphers her freedom in the way which is against the improvement of the new world both in aterial and profound viewpoints. Furthermore, her bogus translation is still because of the more than thirty years’ detainment of male centric society and the regular arrangement of the South. 3. The Pursuit of Happiness Even however the living style has been absorbed by the show, there is as yet something that everybody is brought into the world with including Emily. That is the longing for bliss. Emily lives in her own old world yet in solitude. She acquires freedom yet needs bliss. In this manner, when Homer Barron appears, she accepts that he is the wellspring of her bliss and decides to getting a handle on the slight of hope.However, the possibility of picking up satisfaction is demolished again by the contention between her old world and the stun of northern industrialization. What’s more terrible, at long last she prompts the street of obliteration and implosion by her outrageous want coming about because of man centric society and the old tradition’s serious mistreatment Homer Barron, a Yankee, originates from the north and represents the northern industrialization, which is certainly against the old convention and even some fundamental standards of Emily’s own old world, for example, the component of poise. Be that as it may, on the opposite side, he appears to Emily the expectation for her happiness.As a lady mistreated by otherworldly forlornness for so long, the craving for affection and bliss is sufficient to for Emily to overcome the nonstop limitation of traditional progressive idea. Accordingly, she leaves the old house, which represents the show, with her head high and along with Homer Barron with his cap positioned and a stogie in his teeth, gets control and whip over a yellow glove driving in the sparkling cart on Sunday evenings. She even chooses to wed him by purchasing a total outfit of men’s dress paying little mind to all the items and conflicts.During this period, she has bit by bit become profoundly caught in the adoration and bliss with Homer Barron. She has been ab used by male controlled society and the southern show for over thirty years, and now the affection she is encountering is so interesting and exceptional that it has become the entire joy of her life and that it is inconceivable for her to release it. In the event that Homer Barron isn’t going to leave her, at that point the adoration and bliss will absolutely proceed. Be that as it may, as the image of northern industrialization, Homer Barron holds a totally different mentality towards the relationship with Miss Emily.He just sees it as an unadulterated method of diversion with no obligation, which is a sharp clash between Homer and Emily, yet additionally the ethics of northern industrialization and the old southern show. Under the weight of the contentions and the drawn out exploitation by man centric society and the show, Emily’s character and psyche has been totally twisted. At long last, to keep the bliss from vanishing, Emily accepts radical measures as executing Homer and let the body remain with her eternity so her affection and satisfaction will likewise never leave.This measure at long last wrecks as long as she can remember and leaves her a total catastrophe just as Homer Barron. In this remarkable short story, the character of Emily William Faulkner made has put forth a few attempts to acquire her own life and freedom and even continue in the quest for bliss. In any case, her life depends on man controlled society and the ordinary arrangement of the South for over 30 years; the freedom she follows is as yet caught in the old custom; and her quest for bliss runs over the contentions between the southern old convention and the stun of northern industrialization.All of these negative variables

Drug Debate Essay Example For Students

Medication Debate Essay Medications DebateJunk yields an essential recipe of malevolence infection: *The Algebra of Need*. The essence of fiendishness is consistently the substance of all out need. An imbecile devil is a man in absolute need of dope. Past a specific recurrence need knows definitely no restriction or control. In the expressions of all out need: *Wouldnt you*? Indeed you would. You would lie, cheat, illuminate on your companions, take, do *anything* to fulfill absolute need. Since you would be in a condition of all out affliction, complete belonging, and not in a situation to act in some other way. Dope savages are wiped out individuals who can't act other than they do. A frenzied pooch can't pick however nibble. There is a huge assortment of recreational medications accessible today and it is apparent that they don't all have just hindering impacts. There are basically two classes of medications: mind extending medications and brain contracting drugs. It may likewise be helpful to consider a classification of medications which are neither one of the minds extending or mind choking, however, it is hard to locate any recreational medications which would fit in this classification. The division of classifications ought to be founded on how the medication influences scholarly incitement. The medications in the psyche growing classification ought to expand the extent of observation and information for the client. The medication ought to instruct the client and extend the clients mind. The medications in the brain tightening class ought to prevent the client from learning, and regardless of whether one claimed to increase a type of information from the high, the information, at long last, would add up to inane, confounded idea. The uncommon medications which animate brutality, for example, blessed messenger dust, should be viewed as psyche contracting in light of the fact that not exclusively does the client not gain information from the experience, yet the client decimates restraint and freedom and triggers wants to act improperly. This division of medications into classifications seems to be of the idea of non-romantic compulsiveness however the belief system isn't altogether founded on this moral hypothesis and a few contentions may appear to strife with its way of thinking. Utilizing mind contracting drugs prompts corrupt results and in this manner, mind choking drugs must be unlawful so as to in any event limit the measure of such results. Making mind contracting drugs illicit keeps individuals from utilizing substances which can just diminish ones personal satisfaction and definitely, decimate numerous social orders. The utilization of brain extending drugs can't deliver immediate or roundabout improper results and in reality instructs the client. Medications that are mind growing or neither one of the minds extending or mind choking must be legitimate. To make these medications unlawful would just superfluously encroach on people groups freedom. Framing laws against the utilization of psyche contracting drugs is really essential for giving freedom to residents. It is commonly the situation that all things considered, a past client of a brain choking drug, when calm, or even now and again, when high, laments devouring the medication. The initial statement of this article portrays William Burroughs see on sedatives and he was in actuality utilizing them when the section was composed. It is obvious in his words that he understands the corrupt results of utilizing sedatives and the affliction which it produces. Most clients basically couldnt oppose the enticement of utilizing the medications in view of either the craving to devour the fobidden natural product or the allurement of conceivable elation or alleviation from enthusiastic or physical torment: shortcoming of will. For this situation, an open approach forestalling this chance powers individuals to follow up on their actual wants, in any event, while thinking about emotio nal qualities. The issue lies in the way that the acknowledgment of this genuine want may emerge simply in the wake of seeing the results or just in rudimentary structure. In a perfect world, viable police powers could dispose of any brain tightening medications and this would unarguably be a perfect circumstance. Since a perfect world doesnt exist, lessening the measure of psyche choking drugs accessible and making irksome ramifications for managing or utilizing them, inclines more like a perfect world than permitting its utilization. From an utilitarian imminent, the utilization of brain tightening drugs is indecent since it, if not quickly, in the end, decreases aggregate all out joy. For instance, if a nation were in a downturn and psyche tightening drugs were lawful, numerous individuals would go to them to overlook their issues and pain. Individuals who might customarily not utilize these medications may go to them since they are promptly accessible and lawful challenges would not exist. On the off chance that there was an expansion in addicts of psyche choking drugs, efficiency would diminish. In any event, while thinking about that as some individuals, for example, Bill Nelles, a ranking director in Britains National Health Service, are dependent on sedatives and have utilitarian existences, the larger part don't and efficiency would along these lines decline. If profitability somehow managed to diminish further during a downturn, the general public would crumple. They would need to go to credits and in the event that they needed to treat their medication dependent populace, they would require additional cash and they would end up falling further and more profound into obligation and downturn. This may appear to be an uncommon case for rich nations, for example, Switzerland, however in any case, a chance. A few people may feel that the outcomes recently referenced of authorizing mind tightening medications would be like the results of legitimizing mind growing medications. There is a reasonable contrast between the results however. For instance, mind growing medications have influenced the absolute most compelling writing and artistic work of the twentieth century. Specialists, for example, Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, Oscar Wilde, Edgar Degas and Vincent Van Gogh were ordinary absinthe clients for instance. Their works are rousing, persuasive and they broke cultural limits. Without absinthe, the centerpieces made by these progressives would not exist as they may be. On the off chance that a substance can have such an unprecedented effect on individuals and help to bring into this world perfect gems, at that point it is crushing to disallow its utilization. Psyche choking drugs don't have this impact. Albeit numerous huge authors of the Beat Generation utilized brain tightening drugs, they all inferred that its utilization prompted frightful conditions. Much of the time, mind contracting drugs have the contrary impact on the brain as psyche growing medications do. To put both of these noticeable classifications together would be uninformed. To keep individuals from deciding to devour substances which, despite the fact that may expand dangers of terrible wellbeing and correspondence issues, don't prompt unsatisfactory outcomes and moreover, animate inventiveness and musings which would somehow or another not exist, is to encroach on privileges of picking ones own qualities. In the event that an individual qualities seeing the world through various eyes, for instance, over having the option to discuss productively with loved ones, that is an individual decision which ought not be made by an administration. There are unmistakably a larger number of wounds from sports than from the utilization of psyche extending drugs, yet contending in sports is empowered. Then again, in the event that one wishes to expend a substance which influences ones ethical quality, discernment and capacity to learn, for example, m ind tightening drugs, the outcomes are that one encroaches on the privileges of oneself as well as other people and for this situation, the legislature must meddle. The contention that medication utilize is a harmless wrongdoing and consequently ought not be illicit is one of the more grounded ones for legitimizing all medications, including mind choking drugs. John Stuart Mill said that clients who carry out violations ought to be rebuffed for genuine wrongdoings, for example, taking or killing, and not for utilizing drugs. In any case, shouldn't something be said about the way that, as Burroughs stated, a fanatic will effectively fulfill their need? It isn't the clients flaw that s/he is carrying out the wrongdoing, it is the medications deficiency and had the client not expended the medication, s/he wouldnt have carried out the wrongdoing. Moreover, sedate use is definitely not a harmless wrongdoing with the exception of in the extraordinary situation when an individual expends t he medication in complete protection and that being said, the people character may be adjusted and this could exploit the people companions, family and collaborators. In cases, for example, utilizing holy messenger dust, where the client gets fierce, the casualty is self-evident. In situations where a pregnant ladies utilizes mind tightening drugs, for example, break, she brings forth split children (30,00-50,000 split infants are brought into the world consistently) and is measurably bound to manhandle her newborn children than moms not utilizing break. Anybody utilizing certain brain choking drugs is bound to mishandle their youngsters and more averse to satisfy their familial and social commitments . Plant said that in the event that he forgoes attacking others in what concerns them he ought to be permitted, without attack, to convey his feelings into training at his own expense. Clearly, he, the client, isn't avoiding attacking others in what concerns them by and large. Moreover , mind tightening drugs in themselves exploit clients and subsequently ought not be legitimate. A relativist see is that medications are a piece of our way of life and in this manner, tranquilize use ought not be precluded. Genital mutilation is a piece of some African societies and as individuals are getting increasingly mindful of this training, individuals are battling against it. Female genital mutilation or circumcision is typically performed without sedation on female babies, little youngsters, or youths and includes the utilization of unrefined instruments in unsanitary conditions more often than not. It frequently causes lifetime inconvenience, and it leaves ladies incapable to work explicitly in a typical way and profoundly helpless against disease. There are fewer and fewer individuals who are excusing this training as a component of their way of life and along these lines adequate. Oppression ladies in nations, for example, Afghanistan is a piece of their way of life yet it is discovered unsuitable to most. Relativism could never work in todays world on the grounds that the world is attempting to become mo

Hamad_Design Assignment Example

Hamad_Design Assignment Example Hamad_Design Assignment â€" Assignment Example > University of Central LancashireSchool of EngineeringFV1202DesignAssignment BriefPART A â€" Answer ALL 5 questions â€" total marks for this section is 50%. Include appropriate references. Discuss the terms “fire resistance testing” and “reaction to fire Testing”. Fire resistance testing is a procedure followed to accurately determine the ability of the materials used for building construction, the various products used in building as well as the various building components such as floors, ceiling and walls to withstand various adverse environmental conditions such as pressure and temperature while maintaining their specific functions such as load bearing and/or fire separation property. Fire resistance testing can also refer to the process of determining the building material’s ability to resist and/or prevent fire passage from one area to another. The main products that are tested for resistance include; walls( including both the bearing and non- bearing ones), hardware , doors, floor, ceiling, furniture, house finishes, partitions in rooms, door frames, beams, windows, panels and any other component that will be considered vital in fire resistance in the building. The importance of fire resistance testing cannot be underrated because it helps to determine the behaviour of the various building elements when in direct contact with heat and various pressure conditions which are always experienced when fire is fully developed (Gypsum Association 1977). The duration of the various building components to contain fire, while maintaining the integrity of the structural properties is noted. It indicates the components’ fire resistance ability (Gypsum Association 1977). Reaction to fire testing is a process that determines the contribution of the materials used in buildings to fire development, and ultimately fire spread specifically in the initial stages of fire, when the main goal is the evacuation of the occupants. The material behaviour to fire will (i. e. contribution to fire development, ignition easiness, produced energy and rate of the spread of flame) influence to a larger extent, the ease with which the occupants of a building will escape in case of a fire incident. To accurately determine the reaction to fire testing of a material various tests can be performed on the material such as; the spread of flame, the ignition, toxicity and smoke generation (Gypsum Association 1977). Discuss the functional requirements (B1 to B5) of Approved Document B. The approved document contains the following main sections; B1-means of warning and escapeB2-Internal fire spread (linings)B3- Internal fire spread (structure)B4-External fire spreadB5-Access and facilities for the fire serviceThese sections have specific functional requirements as discussed below; B1-means of warning and escapeThis section majorly ensures that the occupants get a warning of a fire outbreak on time and that safety of the occupants during escape is catered for. This therefore requires that different devices to give warning to the occupants are installed in buildings and that well defined routes of escape from the building to a safer outer place should be provided (Gypsum Association 1977). The outer place should be safe at all times. The functional requirement of this section includes:

Meaning of Gender in English Grammar

Gender is a  grammatical classification which in Modern English applies primarily to the third-person singular personal pronouns. Also known as  grammatical gender. Unlike many other European languages, English no longer has masculine and feminine inflections for nouns  and  determiners.   EtymologyFrom Latin, race, kind. Examples and Observations Although English and German are descendants of the same branch of Germanic, viz. West Germanic, they are characterized by rather different developments in the course of their histories. . . .While German preserved the system of grammatical gender inherited from Germanic and ultimately from Indo-European, English lost it and replaced it by natural gender, a development which is assumed to have taken place in late Old English and early Middle English, i.e. roughly between the 10th and the 14th century. . . .(Dieter Kastovsky, Inflectional Classes, Morphological Restructuring, and the Dissolution of Old English Grammatical Gender. Gender in Grammar and Cognition, ed. by Barbara Unterbeck and Matti Rissanen. Mouton de Gruyter, 1999)   The Loss of Gender in Middle English[F]unctional overload . . . seems to be a plausible way to account for what we observe in Middle English, that is, after Old English and Old Norse had come into contact: gender assignment often diverged in Old English and Old Norse, which would have readily led to the elimination of it in order to avoid confusion and to lessen the strain of learning the other contrastive system. . . .[I]n an alternative account, it was the contact with French that played the role of a catalyst in the eventual  loss of gender in Middle English: when French entered the English language, the distinction of gender became problematic, because speakers were confronted with two quite different gender categories. Since it is always difficult to learn gender in a second language, the consequence of this conflict was that gender was given up in Middle English.(Tania Kuteva and  Bernd Heine, An Integrative Model of Grammaticalization.   Grammatical Replication and Borro wability in Language Contact, ed. by  Bjà ¶rn Wiemer, Bernhard Wà ¤lchli, and Bjà ¶rn Hansen. Walter de Gruyter, 2012) Gendered PetsEven in English, which does not have a full-blown grammatical gender system, there is a tendency to ignore the sex of some animals but still refer to them with gendered forms. Many speakers use she indiscriminately for cats and he for dogs.(Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Language and Gender, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2013) American Males and Their Female Cars- I smiled back at him and toyed with all of the gadgets in the car.Oh, shes nice, aint she? This is top of the line here, he told me.Why do men refer to cars as she? I asked just for the hell of it.Because were men, Byron answered. He laughed, a strong hearty laugh. Maybe it was too hearty. He was really pleased with his sale.(Omar Tyree, For the Love of Money. Simon and Schuster, 2000)- American males often refer to their cars as a she, thereby revealing their dominance over the machines and women . . ..(Tony Magistrale, Hollywoods Stephen King. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) Gender and Third-Person Singular PronounsThe 3rd person singular pronouns contrast in gender: - The masculine gender pronoun he is used for males — humans or animals that have salient enough characteristics for us to think of them as differentiated (certainly for gorillas, usually for ducks, probably not for rats, certainly not for cockroaches).- The feminine gender pronoun she is used for females, and also, by extension, for certain other things conventionally treated in a similar way: political entities ( France has recalled her ambassador) and certain personified inanimates, especially ships ( May God bless her and all who sail in her.).- The neuter pronoun it is used for inanimates, or for male and female animals (especially lower animals and non-cuddly creatures), and sometimes for human infants if the sex is unknown or considered irrelevant. . . . No singular 3rd person pronoun in English is universally accepted as appropriate for referring to a human when you dont want to specify sex. . . . The pronoun most widely used in such cases is they, in a secondary use that is interpreted semantically as singular.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Agreement With IndefinitesUnder close scrutiny, [the rule mandating singular agreement with indefinites] emerges as a pragmatically cumbersome, linguistically unreliable, and ideologically provocative rule, which entered the canon under false pretenses.(Elizabeth S. Sklar, The Tribunal of Use: Agreement in Indefinite Constructions. College Composition and Communication, December 1988) Pronunciation: JEN-der

Ancient Islamic Cities Villages, Towns, and Capitals of Islam

Law in Business - 1870 Words

On 15th October 2010 East Midlands Airways (EMA) advertise a second-hand Airbus 321 for sale in an aviation industry trade journal for  £12.5m. Later that same day, Colvin, the Chief Executive Officer of Houston Aviation Ltd, phones EMA’s Managing Director Patricia. Colvin says that his firm would very much like to view the Airbus 321 but that he is off on a 5 day business trip to Dallas, Texas and will not be able to view the aircraft until he returns. Patricia says that if another buyer comes forward she will have to sell the Airbus 321 to that buyer. Colvin then says he will pay  £100,000 if EMA promises not to sell the Airbus 321 to another buyer for the next 5 days. Patricia agrees to this. Analyse whether any contract has been made†¦show more content†¦The view the courts take is that they don’t look into whether the parties actually intended to create a legal agreement but whether they appeared to the reasonable person to have that intention.[5] In Parker v Clark Lord Devlin said ‘ the question (whether or not there is a binding contract) must, of course, depend upon the intention of the parties, to be inferred from the language they use and from the circumstances in which they use it’ In this situation Patricia isn’t legally bound to sell the plane to Colvin however she is legally bound not to sell the plane for five days, as Colvin is to pay EMA. An agreement can also not amount to a contract unless each party gives some ‘consideration’ to the other. In bilateral contracts the consideration of both parties takes the form of a promise to do something in the future.[6] In Currie vs Misa the definition of consideration was made ‘ A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to on party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given, suffered or undertaken by the other.’ Colvin is offering to give  £100,000 in the future and Patricia is offering to not sell the plane for five days. This also fits Sir Frederick Pollocks definition of consideration as being ‘the price of promise.’[7] Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate, it must have some economicShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law3143 Words   |  13 Pages2012 – OCTOBER SEMESTER 2012 STUDENT NAME: CHU THI HONG TUYEN ID No.: 2448481 BMLW5103 – BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Question 1 Discuss the enforceability of an agreement which lacks consideration. 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Marx And Nietzsche Essay Summary Example For Students

Marx And Nietzsche Essay Summary Society is flawed. There are critical imbalances in it that cause much of humanity to suffer. In, the most interesting work from this past half-semester, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx is reacting to this fact by describing his vision of a perfectly balanced society, a communist society. Simply put, a communist society is one where all property is held in common. No one person has more than the other, but rather everyone shares in the fruits of their labors. Marx is writing of this society because, he believes it to be the best form of society possible. He states that communism creates the correct balance between the needs of the individual and the needs of society. And furthermore thinks that sometimes violence is necessary to reach the state of communism. This paper will reflect upon these two topics: the relationship of the individual and society, and the issue of violence, as each is portrayed in the manifesto. Before expounding upon these ideas, it is necessary to establish a baseline from which to view these topics. It is important to realize that we as humans view everything from our own cultural perspective. Marx speaks of this saying, Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class. With this in mind, some perspective on the society of that time is vital. During this time the industrial revolution is taking place, a massive movement away from small farms, businesses operated out of homes, small shops on the corner, and so on. Instead, machines are mass-producing products in giant factories, with underpaid workers. No longer do people need to have individual skills. Now, it is only necessary that they can keep the machines going, and do small, repetitive work. The lower working class can no longer live a normal life following their own pursuits, but are lowered to working inhumane hours in these factories. This widens the gap between the upper and lower class-called bourgeois and proletariat-until they are essentially two different worlds. The bourgeois, a tiny portion of the population, has the majority of the wealth while the proletariat, the huge majority, has nothing. It is with this background that Marx begins. First, the topic of the individual and society will be discussed. This topic in itself can be broken down even further. First, the flaws with the current system in respect to the bourgeois and proletariat will be shown, which will reveal the problems in the relationship between individual and society. Secondly, the way that communism addresses these issues, and the rights of the individual, as seen through the manifesto, will be elaborated on in great detail. Quite clearly, Marx is concerned with the organization of society. He sees that the majority of society, more specifically, the proletariat, are living in sub-human conditions. Marx also sees that the bourgeoisie have a disproportionate amount of property and power, and because of that, they abuse it. He writes of how the current situation with the bourgeoisie and proletariat developed. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. There has always been struggles the between two classes, an upper and lower class. However, Marx speaks of the current order saying, It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. The very nature of the bourgeoisie causes it to grow in size and power while the proletariat shrinks, therefore increasing the gap between the two. Marx goes on to describe how this situation came about, with the industrial revolution and other factors. Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, and to communication by land. This development has, in doing so, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the middle Ages. We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. With these thoughts in mind, a more defined view of the individual classes can be attained. First, the proletariat: in several places Marx speaks of how the proletariat is oppressed. He speaks of past societies and the current society when he says, Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed Bourgeoisie and proletariat could quite easily be added to this list of oppressor and oppressed. In every way the proletariat is oppressed, with no hope of improving their place in society. Rather, they are forced to live on hopelessly, knowing that they will not be released from their labors till death. Marx also writes of the relationship between the proletariat and the machines, which is a result of the split between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simply, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of himNot only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. Marx draws a picture of how the majority of the population is in an oppressed situation of slavery. The people of the proletariat are not to be envied. From here, Marx moves on to describe the oppressor, the bourgeois. He is quite eloquent in his description of this class: The bourgeois, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his natural superiors, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous cash payment. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervor, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom-Free Trade. Here Marx is speaking of how the bourgeoisie- controlled society takes every aspect of society and puts them in terms of an exchange value. They reduce all that is noble and admirable about humanity to monetary matters, all in the name of capitalism. Again, All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind. Marx uses very strong language in these passages, saying that the bourgeois profanes the holy, and drowns the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervor. The bourgeois removes the humanity from society, creating a system in which anything and everything is measured by its worth in the capitalist structure. Now that the roles of the bourgeoisie and proletariat have been established, it is possible to reconsider the communist ideal. Clearly, Marx believes that it is wrong for the majority of society, the proletariat, to suffer. He believes that individuals should be equal, not divided into two distinct worlds. Marx describes the current individual in society saying, In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality. He also makes the distinguishing point that it is important for the reader to realize that objections have more than likely arisen from their own bourgeoisie background. You must, therefore, confess that by individual you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property. The Power of Hurtful Words EssayNietzsche seeks all who read it to understand how this is the true exercise of will and how the world has been run down by people using their will in the wrong way. In order to understand Nietzsches sociological perspectives, it will help to be familiar with his background. Born in 1844 in Germany, he was the son of two generations of Lutheran priests. His father died when he was five, leaving young Friedrich to be raised by a family of women: his mother, sister, grandmother, and two aunts. At fourteen he was sent to boarding school and began his long academic career. He went to two graduate schools and received a teaching post when he finished at his second. He taught from 1869 to 1879, when he became to physically ill to continue teaching there. He managed to recover from his illness and actually produced the bulk of his work over the next decade, but his later years drew him so deeply into his philosophical theory that he lost his sanity. ietzsches The Will to Power is really a collection of his personal notes from 1883 to 1888. They were published in 1901 by his sister only a year after he died. During the period of time from which the notes are taken, Nietzsche wrote the bulk of his work including parts of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, On the Geneology of Morals, The Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist, Ecce Homo, and Nietzsche Contra Wagner. Nietzsches The Will to Power covers many various arguments, most of which are represented by one of these separate books. he Will to Power is divided into four books; each delving into a different debate. Individually they attempt to cover specific aspects of Nietzsches theory, but as the whole is truly based on his notebooks, many of his ideas cross books and interlace to help demonstrate his main hypothesis of the will to power. The books are: European Nihilism; Critique of the Highest Values Hitherto; Principles of a New Evaluation; and Discipline and Breeding. ietzsche begins the book with his coming to a nihilistic state about his life. Nihilism is the belief that any and all traditional morals, beliefs, and values are baseless. He then explains the step by step process that the modern world has gone through to reach the state where one comes to a belief in nihilism. He details every stage and the unfoundedness of the beliefs in each. He deftly illustrates the fault with each vehicle of hope that people have attempted to grasp onto. He discounts every movement from spiritual enlightenment to music and the arts to progress with incredible validity. ietzsches next section is an attack on the morals that the world has adopted, specifically the Christian values. He begins with a critical analysis of where religion comes from, sighting the need of priests to exercise their will over others and the denial of the self-knowledge of the will by projecting it as God. He continues with an analysis of the coming of Christianity and its appeal to the masses. He further points out the major problems with Christianity including the paradoxical views it projects. He discusses the herd mentality which religion grasps onto. He deconstructs those specific moral judgements that are popularly accepted. He then supplants them with his ideas for what mankind should uphold. My first solution: Dionysian wisdom. Joy in the destruction of the most noble and at the sight of its progressive ruin: in reality joy in what is coming and lies in the future, which triumphs over existing things, however good. (Nietzsche 224) Nietzsche aspires to have each person follow their own true instincts. ietzsche attacks the morality the world has adopted on the basis of perspectivism. He firmly states that everything that one has an opinion on is from a specific perspective, and is therefor askew to each persons own idiosyncracies. An attempt to think about morality without falling under its spell, mistrustful of the seductiveness of its beautiful gestures and glances. A world we can revere, that is adequate to our drive to worship-that continually proves itselfby providing guidance in the particular and the general: this is the Christian viewpoint in which we have all grown up. (Nietzsche 146) With this opinion of rationality, there is therefor no actual reality, since noone actually has a clear vision of it. Nietzsches will to power is the human spirit. According to Nietzsche, each of us has the same level of will power, but it is how we choose to utilize that makes the difference. The will to power can be used for evil doings to control and injure others but the truly powerful do not need to prove themselves to anyone and are comfortable just being. The next section of the book deals with how the will to power will apply to all aspects of life. It covers everything from metaphysics and science to reactions to natures rewards. Nietzsche basically states that there is a balance in this coming world where there is a Basic principle: only individuals feel themselves responsible. Nietzsche goes on to discuss his empirical view that each person is responsible for doing what they can. This is an empirical view because he discusses how some can do more than others and are therefor of higher ranking. He has very specific opinions of what makes one higher than another and what should be done concerning ranks. He actually states that who can and cannot reproduce should be regulated. Many people find offence with this and believe in equality for all. This is one of the debated faults in the work. There is also a flaw in Nietzsches theories when looked at from a sociological point of view. Nietzsche held up his ideal for the way in which people should behave but he took down all forms of social order in doing so and left an idealistic plan for how to continue a society with his ubermensch. Without some greater form of social construct, the likelihood that mankind would be able to support his principles does not seem likely. His argument would be that no one would fall out of line. However, his argument would be better supported should he have given a plan for social order with his liberated people. Despite its shortcomings though, Nietzsches theories seem firmly embedded in history. The concepts that he proposed allowed a number of great movements to follow. His theories on the Dionysian and Apollonian instincts opened up the deep psycho-analysis field to Freud, in addition to inspiring the existentialist movement. Unfortunately, his work was adopted and used to support the Third Reich when it was attempting to take over the world, and for a while no one would give his work any credit. Justly his work has recently been given the credit it is due, as well as all of his theories becoming again highly discussed, debated, and lamented over. The theory behind The Will to Power is incredibly well supported despite the fact that it is simply a collection of notes from Nietzsches later years. It is a wonderful compilation of the premise behind all of his other works and the summary of their individual points. The most amazing aspect of the book and the philosophy is the incredible validity of it even now, over a hundred years after it was written. The social order of his new world needed to be addressed more, but the principles proposed stand sturdily on their own two feet confident in their own will to power.